![]() ![]() Although available strategies consider perfect metal or insulator surfaces, we build on the Thomas–Fermi formalism to develop an effective approach that deals with any imperfect metal between these asymptotes. Here we introduce a novel approach that involves electronic screening while capturing molecular aspects of interfacial fluids. Such behaviours, which challenge existing frameworks, highlight the need for tools to fully embrace the properties of confined liquids. Beyond adsorption, over-screening and crowding effects, experiments have highlighted novel phenomena, such as unconventional screening and the impact of the electronic nature-metallic versus insulating-of the confining surface. Of relevance to energy storage, electrochemistry and catalysis, ionic and dipolar liquids display unexpected behaviours-especially in confinement. ![]()
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